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Europa (mythology)
In Greek mythology Europa (; ''Eurṓpē'') was the mother of King Minos of Crete, a woman with Phoenician origin of high lineage, and for whom the continent Europe was named. The story of her abduction by Zeus in the form of a white bull was a Cretan story; as Kerényi points out "most of the love-stories concerning Zeus originated from more ancient tales describing his marriages with goddesses. This can especially be said of the story of Europa".〔Kerenyi 1951, p. 108〕
Europa's earliest literary reference is in the ''Iliad'', which is commonly dated to the 8th century B.C.〔Pierre Vidal-Naquet, ''Le monde d'Homère'', Perrin 2000:19; M.I. Finley, ''The World of Odysseus'', (1954) 1978:16 gives "the years between 750 and 700 B.C., or a bit later".〕 Another early reference to her is in a fragment of the Hesiodic ''Catalogue of Women'', discovered at Oxyrhynchus.〔The papyrus fragment itself dates from the third century AD: (see Hesiodic fragments 19 and 19A ).〕 The earliest vase-painting securely identifiable as Europa, dates from mid-7th century B.C.〔Walter Burkert, ''Greek Religion'' (1985) I.3.2, note 20, referring to Schefold, plate 11B. References in myth and art have been assembled by W. Bühler, ''Europa: eine Sammlung der Zeugnisse des Mythos in der antiken Litteratur und Kunst'' (1967).〕
==Etymology==
The etymology of her Greek name ( ''eurys'' "wide" or "broad" and ''ops'' "eye(s)" or "face")〔Kerenyi 1951, p. 109: "she of the wide eyes" or "she of the broad countenance".〕 suggests that Europa as a divine spirit represented the wide-faced cow Hathor, at least on some symbolic level. Metaphorically, at a later date her name could be construed as the intelligent or ''open-minded'', analogous to ''glaukopis'' () attributed to Athena. However, Ernest Klein and Giovanni Semerano suggest a possible Semitic origin in Akkadian ''erebu'' "to go down, set" (in reference to the sun) which would parallel occident.〔Klein, ''Etymological Dictionary of the English Language'' (Barking: Elsevier) vol. I A-K, 1966; Klein's etymology of Europa is singled out among his "optimistic" conclusions by G. W. S. Friedrichsen reviewing the ''Dictionary'' in ''The Review of English Studies'' New Series, 18.71 (August 1967:295.〕
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